Human genome project: Article

• Human genome project is  sequencing  of bases of DNA that is responsible for the storage and transmission of genetic information of any organism. Genome refer to complete set of haploid chromosome.

• Two different individuals have different DNA sequence at least some places. 

• With the advancement of genetic engineering,  DNA is isolated and cloned successfully. 

• Human genome project was launched in 1990 by the US Department of energy and national institute of health. 

• For this project, Wellcome trust of UK was a major partner and other members are Japan, France , Germany and China. This project took 13 years and completed in 2003.

• It was a mega project because human genome has approx 3 billion base pairs. 

• The cost of sequencing of one base pair was 3 USD therefore the cost of total sequencing of all base pairs was 9 billion USD.

• To store all data of DNA base pairs, 3300 books were required. Each book contain 1000 pages and each pages contain 1000 letters.

• To store such enormous data,  information technology has been adopted with high speed computational device for data storage and new branch of Biology has been introduced called Bioinformatics. 

• Bioinformatics is an integration of Biology and information technology. 

Goal of Hunan genome project: 

• To identify approx 20000 to 25000 gene in human DNA.

• To determine the 3 billion base pairs that make human DNA.

• To transfer such technology to other sector for the human welfare.

• Knowledge about base pairs of DNA and its  associated variation are helpful to diagnose the disorder associated with human being.

• This project has been implemented to solve the challenges in health care , agriculture , energy productions and environmental remediation.

• To adress ethical, legal social issue ( ELSI)

• To store information in data base and improve tool for data analysis 

Remember 👌👌 DNA  sequencing has also been done for bacteria, yeast, Caenorohabditis elegans, Drosophila, rice and Arabidopsis. 

Silent feature of Human genome project: 

• The human genome contain 3164 million base pairs

• The average gene consists of 3000 bases but size of gene varies. The longest gene is dystrophin with 2.4 million bases.

• The total gene has been found 30000 which is lower than previous estimation of 80000 to 1400000 gene. 

• All nucleotide bases are exactly same in all people.

• The function of more than 50 percentage gene are unknown. Less than 2 % of gene are responsible for coding the protein.

• Repetitive sequence are part of DNA. These sequences are repeated hundred to thousand times.

• There are about 1.4 million location where single base DNA  differences are present. These differences are called single nucleotide polymorphisms or Snips. 

Remember 👌👌 DNA sequencing has been done by automated sequencing by the Frederick sanger. Sanger also developed the technique to automatic sequencing of amino acids in protein chain.

• The sequencing of Chromosome lst was completed in 2006 because it contain 2986 gene and chromosome Y has only 231 gene hence  Y chromosome is called holandric gene.

Methodologies of human genome project :  

• This method include two approaches. 

• First is Expressed sequence Tags. It refer to identify all the gene that are expressed as RNA. 

• The second is Sequence annotation . It refer to identify all the coding and non coding sequence.

• DNA has been isolated from the cell and segmented by using restrictions enzyme. 

• Thse DNA fragments are amplified by using suitable vectors. The commonly used vectors are Bacterial artificial Chromosomes or BAC and yeast artificial chromosome or YAC.