Protein neeed against infection, Monoclonal antibodies & Interferons.

Monoclonal Antibodies-

• Generally animals are sacrificed during the isolation of antibodies.

• The antibodies heterogenous that are obtained from the animals. How ever the monoclonal antibodies has opened an new area of research.

• Monoclonal antibodies are immunological reagents so these can be utilized for diagnosis and screening.

• Monoclonal antibodies are produced in specialised cell called hybridomas.

• The term hybridoma refers the cell that is formed by the fusion of two types of cells. First is an antibody producing lymphocytes cell and second is a single myeloma cell.

• These fused hybridomas have the antibody producing capability and also has ability to grow continuously.

• When an antigen is injected into mice to raise the antibodies then after several days, antibodies are produced into the body of mice.

• Spleen cells from mice are collected and fused with myeloma cells derived from the rat.

• After the fusion , a resultant hybridoma cells are formed. These cells are capable for the production of antibodies. By this technique, antibodies are produced in large quantities.

• Monoclonal antibodies is also used to detect the hormone present in mixture. This technique called as immunoassay.

Read about the Our Immune System

• They are used to detect hormone present in urine like pregnancy testing kits and drugs present in urine for athletes and also detecting human immunodeficiency virus during AIDS.

Interferons

• Interferons are virus induced protein produced by the virus infected cell.

• The interferons response is much quicker than antibody. Interferons are antiviral in nature.

• It makes interference in replication of viruses. Interferons trigger a series of events that lead the inhibition of synthesis of viral protein.

Read about more about the Immunity : Active & Passive immunity 

• In addition to this, interferons also inactivates double stranded RNA, man made double stranded oligonucleotide  and  bacterial endotoxins. Interferons are biologically active . It provide natural defense against hepatitis, Cancer etc.